Francesco Restuccia

Journals & Magazines

A. Lacava, S. Maxenti, L. Bonati, S. D'Oro, A. Oprea, T. Melodia, and F. Restuccia. “How to Poison an xApp: Dissecting Backdoor Attacks to Deep Reinforcement Learning in Open Radio Access Networks.” Computer Networks (2025)Journal

DOI Link

The development of Open Radio Access Network (RAN) cellular systems is being propelled by the integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) techniques. While AI can enhance network performance, it expands the attack surface of the RAN. For instance, the need for datasets to train AI algorithms and the use of open interface to retrieve data in real time paves the way to data tampering during both training and inference phases. In this work, we propose MalO-RAN, a framework to evaluate the impact of data poisoning on O-RAN intelligent applications. We focus on AI-based xApps taking control decisions via Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL), and investigate backdoor attacks, where tampered data is added to training datasets to include a backdoor in the final model that can be used by the attacker to trigger potentially harmful or inefficient pre-defined control decisions. We leverage an extensive O-RAN dataset collected on the Colosseum network emulator and show how an attacker may tamper with the training of AI models embedded in xApps, with the goal of favoring specific tenants after the application deployment on the network. We experimentally evaluate the impact of the SleeperNets and TrojDRL attacks and show that backdoor attacks achieve up to a 0.9 attack success rate. Moreover, we demonstrate the impact of these attacks on a live O-RAN deployment implemented on Colosseum, where we instantiate the xApps poisoned with MalO-RAN on an O-RAN-compliant Near-real-time RAN Intelligent Controller (RIC). Results show that these attacks cause an average network performance degradation of 87%.

Journals & Magazines

Conference Papers

Conference Papers

A. Pinto, A. Ashdown, T. Bin Hassan, H. Cheng, F. Esposito, L. Bonati, S. D'Oro, T. Melodia, and F. Restuccia. “Hercules: An Emulation-Based Framework for Transport Layer Measurements over 5G Wireless Networks.” Proceedings of the 17th ACM Workshop on Wireless Network Testbeds, Experimental evaluation & Characterization (2023)Conference

DOI Link

The adoption of Next-Generation cellular networks is rapidly increasing, together with their achievable throughput and their latency demands. Optimizing existing transport protocols for such networks is challenging, as the wireless channel becomes critical for performance and reliability studies. The performance assessment of transport protocols for wireless networks has mostly relied on simulation-based environments. While providing valuable insights, such studies are influenced by the simulator's specific settings. Employing more advanced and flexible methods for collecting and analyzing end-to-end transport layer datasets in realistic wireless environments is crucial to the design, implementation and evaluation of transport protocols that are effective when employed in real-world 5G networks. We present Hercules, a containerized 5G standalone framework that collects data employing the OpenAirInterface 5G protocol stack. We illustrate its potential with an initial transport layer and 5G stack measurement campaign on the Colosseum wireless network testbed. In addition, we present preliminary post-processing results from testing various TCP Congestion Control techniques over multiple wireless channels.

Journals & Magazines

Conference Papers

Journals & Magazines

S. D'Oro, L. Bonati, F. Restuccia, and T. Melodia. “Coordinated 5G Network Slicing: How Constructive Interference Can Boost Network Throughput.” IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking (2021)Journal

DOI Link

Radio access network (RAN) slicing is a virtualization technology that partitions radio resources into multiple autonomous virtual networks. Since RAN slicing can be tailored to provide diverse performance requirements, it will be pivotal to achieve the high-throughput and low-latency communications that next-generation (5G) systems have long yearned for. To this end, effective RAN slicing algorithms must (i) partition radio resources so as to leverage coordination among multiple base stations and thus boost network throughput; and (ii) reduce interference across different slices to guarantee slice isolation and avoid performance degradation. The ultimate goal of this paper is to design RAN slicing algorithms that address the above two requirements. First, we show that the RAN slicing problem can be formulated as a 0-1 Quadratic Programming problem, and we prove its NP-hardness. Second, we propose an optimal solution for small-scale 5G network deployments, and we present three approximation algorithms to make the optimization problem tractable when the network size increases. We first analyze the performance of our algorithms through simulations, and then demonstrate their performance through experiments on a standard-compliant LTE testbed with 2 base stations and 6 smartphones. Our results show that not only do our algorithms efficiently partition RAN resources, but also improve network throughput by 27% and increase by 2× the signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio.

Conference Papers

L. Bonati, P. Johari, M. Polese, S. D'Oro, S. Mohanti, M. Tehrani-Moayyed, D. Villa, S. Shrivastava, C. Tassie, K. Yoder, A. Bagga, P. Patel, V. Petkov, M. Seltser, F. Restuccia, A. Gosain, K. Chowdhury, S. Basagni, and T. Melodia. “Colosseum: Large-Scale Wireless Experimentation Through Hardware-in-the-Loop Network Emulation.” 2021 IEEE International Symposium on Dynamic Spectrum Access Networks (DySPAN) (2021)Conference

DOI Link

Colosseum is an open-access and publicly-available large-scale wireless testbed for experimental research via virtualized and softwarized waveforms and protocol stacks on a fully programmable, “white-box” platform. Through 256 state-of-the-art software-defined radios and a massive channel emulator core, Colosseum can model virtually any scenario, enabling the design, development and testing of solutions at scale in a variety of deployments and channel conditions. These Colosseum radio-frequency scenarios are reproduced through high-fidelity FPGAbased emulation with finite-impulse response filters. Filters model the taps of desired wireless channels and apply them to the signals generated by the radio nodes, faithfully mimicking the conditions of real-world wireless environments. In this paper, we introduce Colosseum as a testbed that is for the first time open to the research community. We describe the architecture of Colosseum and its experimentation and emulation capabilities. We then demonstrate the effectiveness of Colosseum for experimental research at scale through exemplary use cases including prevailing wireless technologies (e.g., cellular and Wi-Fi) in spectrum sharing and unmanned aerial vehicle scenarios. A roadmap for Colosseum future updates concludes the paper.

L. Bonati, S. D'Oro, F. Restuccia, S. Basagni, and T. Melodia. “SteaLTE: Private 5G Cellular Connectivity as a Service with Full-stack Wireless Steganography.” IEEE INFOCOM 2021 - IEEE Conference on Computer Communications (2021)Conference

DOI Link

Fifth-generation (5G) systems will extensively employ radio access network (RAN) softwarization. This key innovation enables the instantiation of "virtual cellular networks" running on different slices of the shared physical infrastructure. In this paper, we propose the concept of Private Cellular Connectivity as a Service (PCCaaS), where infrastructure providers deploy covert network slices known only to a subset of users. We then present SteaLTE as the first realization of a PCCaaS-enabling system for cellular networks. At its core, SteaLTE utilizes wireless steganography to disguise data as noise to adversarial receivers. Differently from previous work, however, it takes a full-stack approach to steganography, contributing an LTE-compliant stegano-graphic protocol stack for PCCaaS-based communications, and packet schedulers and operations to embed covert data streams on top of traditional cellular traffic (primary traffic). SteaLTE balances undetectability and performance by mimicking channel impairments so that covert data waveforms are almost indistinguishable from noise. We evaluate the performance of SteaLTE on an indoor LTE-compliant testbed under different traffic profiles, distance and mobility patterns. We further test it on the outdoor PAWR POWDER platform over long-range cellular links. Results show that in most experiments SteaLTE imposes little loss of primary traffic throughput in presence of covert data transmissions (<; 6%), making it suitable for undetectable PCCaaS networking.

Journals & Magazines

L. Bertizzolo, L. Bonati, E. Demirors, A. Al-shawabka, S. D'Oro, F. Restuccia, and T. Melodia. “Arena: A 64-antenna SDR-based ceiling grid testing platform for sub-6 GHz 5G-and-Beyond radio spectrum research.” Computer Networks (2020)Journal

DOI Link

Arena is an open-access wireless testing platform based on a grid of antennas mounted on the ceiling of a large office-space environment. Each antenna is connected to programmable software-defined radios (SDR) enabling sub-6 GHz 5G-and-beyond spectrum research. With 12 computational servers, 24 SDRs synchronized at the symbol level, and a total of 64 antennas, Arena provides the computational power and the scale to foster new technology development in some of the most crowded spectrum bands. Arena is based on a three-tier design, where the servers and the SDRs are housed in a double rack in a dedicated room, while the antennas are hung off the ceiling of a 2240 square feet office space and cabled to the radios through 100 ft-long cables. This ensures a reconfigurable, scalable, and repeatable real-time experimental evaluation in a real wireless indoor environment. In this paper, we introduce the architecture, capabilities, and system design choices of Arena, and provides details of the software and hardware implementation of various testbed components. Furthermore, we describe key capabilities by providing examples of published work that employed Arena for applications as diverse as synchronized MIMO transmission schemes, multi-hop ad hoc networking, multi-cell 5G networks, AI-powered Radio-Frequency fingerprinting, secure wireless communications, and spectrum sensing for cognitive radio.

Conference Papers

S. D'Oro, L. Bonati, F. Restuccia, M. Polese, M. Zorzi, and T. Melodia. “Sl-edge: network slicing at the edge.” Proceedings of the Twenty-First International Symposium on Theory, Algorithmic Foundations, and Protocol Design for Mobile Networks and Mobile Computing (2020)Conference

DOI Link

Network slicing of multi-access edge computing (MEC) resources is expected to be a pivotal technology to the success of 5G networks and beyond. The key challenge that sets MEC slicing apart from traditional resource allocation problems is that edge nodes depend on tightly-intertwined and strictly-constrained networking, computation and storage resources. Therefore, instantiating MEC slices without incurring in resource over-provisioning is hardly addressable with existing slicing algorithms. The main innovation of this paper is Sl-EDGE, a unified MEC slicing framework that allows network operators to instantiate heterogeneous slice services (e.g., video streaming, caching, 5G network access) on edge devices. We first describe the architecture and operations of Sl-EDGE, and then show that the problem of optimally instantiating joint network-MEC slices is NP-hard. Thus, we propose near-optimal algorithms that leverage key similarities among edge nodes and resource virtualization to instantiate heterogeneous slices 7.5x faster and within 25% of the optimum. We first assess the performance of our algorithms through extensive numerical analysis, and show that Sl-EDGE instantiates slices 6x more efficiently then state-of-the-art MEC slicing algorithms. Furthermore, experimental results on a 24-radio testbed with 9 smartphones demonstrate that Sl-EDGE provides simultaneously highly-efficient slicing of joint LTE connectivity, video streaming over WiFi, and ffmpeg video transcoding.

Journals & Magazines

M. Polese, F. Restuccia, A. Gosain, J. Jornet, S. Bhardwaj, V. Ariyarathna, S. Mandal, K. Zheng, A. Dhananjay, M. Mezzavilla, J. Buckwalter, M. Rodwell, X. Wang, M. Zorzi, A. Madanayake, and T. Melodia. “MillimeTera: Toward A Large-Scale Open-Source mmWave and Terahertz Experimental Testbed.” Proceedings of ACM Workshop on Millimeter-Wave Networks and Sensing Systems (mmNets) (2019)Journal

DOI Link

The promise of widespread 5th generation (5G) and beyond wireless systems can only be fulfilled through extensive experimental campaigns aimed at validating the large body of theoretical findings on millimeter wave (mmWave) and Terahertz (THz) frequencies. However, experimental research efforts in this field are often stymied by the lack of open hardware, open-source software, and affordable testbeds accessible by the research community at large, who is now forced to perform simulation-based research or - if at all possible - small-scale, ad hoc experiments. After discussing existing research challenges in mmWave and THz testbeds, in this paper we propose MillimeTera, a vision for a new gen- eration of disruptive experimental platforms that will radically transform the status quo in mmWave and THz research. We next discuss our preliminary hardware and software efforts, and finally provide a roadmap of our main design and development goals in the years to come.

Conference Papers

Book Chapters

F. Restuccia, S. D'Oro, L. Zhang, and T. Melodia. “The Role of Machine Learning and Radio Reconfigurability in the Quest for Wireless Security.” Proactive and Dynamic Network Defense (2019)Book Chapter

DOI Link

Wireless networks require fast-acting, effective and efficient security mechanisms able to tackle unpredictable, dynamic, and stealthy attacks. In recent years, we have seen the steadfast rise of technologies based on machine learning and software-defined radios, which provide the necessary tools to address existing and future security threats without the need of direct human-in-the-loop intervention. On the other hand, these techniques have been so far used in an ad hoc fashion, without any tight interaction between the attack detection and mitigation phases. In this chapter, we propose and discuss a Learning-based Wireless Security (LeWiS) framework that provides a closed-loop approach to the problem of cross-layer wireless security. Along with discussing the LeWiS framework, we also survey recent advances in cross-layer wireless security.

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Journals & Magazines

Conference Papers

Journals & Magazines

Conference Papers

Journals & Magazines

Conference Papers

Conference Papers